English Language and Literature

Industrial Revolution mainly started from about 1760-1850 in Britain. It was a transition to a new kind of manufacturing process which was from hand production methods to machine and factory production and basically implied “the substitution of Man by the machine in the economic process and the mass production of consumption of goods” ( Cutitaru ). Industrializing first started in Britain because of three main reasons, firstly Britain had enough natural resources which was needed to power machines, secondly Britain was politically well-settled and thirdly Britain colonized many country so they had a huge market for their machinery products. This revolution influenced on the every sectors of society and this also brought some consequences which was progressive as well as regressive. It dramatically transformed England from rural agriculture to urban Industrial society. It was not only a sudden transformation the landscape of English society with technical, economical and pol...

House of Hanover, British royal house of German origin, descended from George Louis, elector of Hanover, who succeeded to the British crown, as George I, in 1714. The dynasty provided six monarchs: George I (reigned 1714–27), George II (reigned 1727–60), George III (reigned 1760–1820), George IV (reigned 1820–30), William IV (reigned 1830–37), and Victoria (reigned 1837–1901). It was succeeded by the house of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, which was renamed in 1917 the house of Windsor. After the English Revolution of 1688–89, the Act of Settlement of 1701 secured the English crown to Protestants. It made Anne (of the house of Stuart) the heir presumptive; and, if she lacked issue, the crown was to go to Sophia, electress of Hanover (granddaughter of James I), and her descendants, passing over many Roman Catholics in the normal line of succession. The electress predeceased Anne by two months, and the crown went to Sophia’s son, George I. The first two Georges were considered foreigners, especiall...

In the Christian calendar years are shown as either AD or BC and this starts from the time of the birth of Jesus. AD stands for ‘Anno Domini’ which means ’the year of our lord’ (it does NOT mean ‘After Death’). Therefore the year 2004 is two thousand and four years after the birth of Jesus. BC stands for ‘Before Christ’ for example the Roman Empire was set up in 753BC which means seven hundred and fifty three years before Jesus was born.   

The  Restoration  and  the  Eighteenth  Century The  period  from  1660—when  the  English  crown  was  restored  as  Charles  II  became  king —to  1800  saw  the  vast  transformation  of  English  society  and  English  politics  as  well  as significant  developments  within  English  literature.    Politically,  the  era  followed  nearly  two decades  of  civil  unrest  and  war.    The  return  of  the  monarchy  left  many  questions unanswered  in  terms  of  the  king’s  power  versus  that  of  Parliament.    While  Charles  II largely  avoided  the  conflicts  that  might  have  brought ...

The  Development  of  English  Literature  (Summary) Old  English,  Middle  English  and  Chaucer Old  English English,  as  we  know  it,  descends  from  the  language  spoken  by  the  north  Germanic  tribes  who  settled  in  England from  the  5th  century  A.D.  onwards.  They  had  no  writing  (except  runes,  used  as  charms)  until  they  learned  the  Latin alphabet  from  Roman  missionaries.  The  earliest  written  works  in  Old  English  (as  their  language  is  now  known  to scholars)  were  probably  composed  orally  at  first,  and  may  have  been  passed  on  from  speaker...